Olmayan bilim haberciliği

Gıcık olmak.

mimlendikten sonra geliştirilen teknolojilere tam çamur atacaktım ki gözüme çarpan bir haber fikrimin değişmesine neden oldu. Haberi görelim:

Örümcek ağının sırrı hala çözülemedi

BURSA (İHA) – Asırlardır örümceklerin yaptığı ağın kimyasındaki esrarı çözmeye çalışan bilim adamları, ilginç bulgulara ulaştı. Çapı 1 milimetrenin binde birinden daha küçük olan örümcek ağının aynı kalınlıktaki çelik telden 5 kat daha sağlam olduğu ve kendi uzunluğunun 4 katı esneyebildiği belirlendi.

Bilim adamlarının endüstri ve teknolojide hayal bile edilemeyen gelişmelere imza atmak için mercek altına aldıkları örümcek ağının esrarı çözülemiyor. İpin sırrı çözülürse, bunun kurşun geçirmez yeleklerden iz bırakmayan ameliyat ipliklerine, çok hafif kablolardan motosiklet kasklarına kadar pek çok alanda kullanılması planlanıyor.

Çapı bir milimetrenin binde birinden daha küçük olan örümcek ipliğinin aynı kalınlıktaki çelik telden 5 kat daha sağlam olduğu bilinirken, ağın kendi uzunluğunun 4 katı esneyebildiği kaydedildi. Ayrıca son derece hafif olan örümcek ağlarının 320 gramı ile dünyanın çevresinin sarılabileceği kaydedildi.

Örümceklerin 380 milyon yıldır ördükleri ipliklerin hammaddesinin saç, tırnak, tüy ve deri gibi birbirinden çok farklı maddelerin yapı taşı olan “keratin” adlı proteinden oluştuğunu belirleyen uzmanlar, esnekliği çok fazla olan örümcek ipliğini kopartmak için gereken enerjinin benzer biyolojik metaryalleri koparmak için gereken enerjiden 10 kat daha fazla olduğunu tespit etti.

Bu arada dünyada 34 bin cinsi bulunan örümceğin renk körü olduğu ve bozulan ağlarını yiyerek yeniden iplikçik ürettiği için ağın tamamen geri dönüşümlü olduğu ortaya çıktı. Uzmanlar, ayrıca erkeğine göre 4-5 kat daha büyük olan bazı dişi örümcek cinslerinin çiftleşmeden sonra erkek örümceği yediğine şahit oldu.

Öte yandan aralıksız çalışmalar neticesinde Amerikalı araştırmacılar örümceğin ağ örerken kullandığı iki proteinin DNA haritasını çıkarmayı başarırken, ultra dayanıklı ürünlerin üretilmesi için ağ üzerindeki araştırmalar sürüyor.

Tam ‘Biz’ lik bir bilim haberi. Öncelikle bir yerlerden araklama olması büyük ihtimal(bkz:düşük cümlelerden çeviri tespiti yapmak) “Bursa iha” demiş ama Uludağ Üni. vs. ile bir alaka olmadığından çevirinin Bursa’dan yapıldığı anlaşılıyor(kaynak vs. yok demek ki AR&GE yapmış arkadaş Bursa iha ‘da )

Gelelim içeriğe. Örümcek ağının sırrı çözülemedi.(Bilim haberleri okunsa klasik okuyucu yorumu: Yüce rabbim bir yaratmış pir yaratmış.) Örümcek ağı gibi başka madde yok. Ya kardeşim KEVLAR diye bir şey var örümcek ağı gibi esnemiyor(esneme spirallikten kaynaklanıyor ayrıca Bkz:Lastik) belki ama benzer ağırlıklar için örümcek ağından daha sağlam. Zaten bilim adamları da şurada da değinildiği gibi örümcek ağının aynısını yapmaya değil, örümcek ağının yapısını kavrayıp, içindeki proteinlere denk yapay ürünler geliştirmek istemekteler. Örümcek ağını üretirken ipeksi iplikçikleri yüksek hızda döndürdüğünden, böyle bir uygulamanın büyük boyutlarda merkez kaç kuvveti nedeniyle oluşturulamayacağı düşünülmekte. Zaten uygulamada da pratik olmaz düşünün bir onca sürtünmenin olduğu bir yerde örümcek ağı gibi çok çabuk tutuşan bir şey kullanılması mümkün değildir her şeyden önce(Bu yönü nedense belirtilmiyor)

Bu arada gözüme çarptı proteinin de DNA ‘sı çıkarılıyormuş. Bak sen :)

Hiç olmadı düzgün BBC veya Reuters çevirisi yapsalar(geçtim Science vs. yi) da yaptıkları bir işe yarasa. Ama onlar da haklı bir yerde talep olmayınca(!). Mesela talep azlığından dolayı Hürriyet bilim dergisinin kalkması gibi. İşin kötü yanı bilim yapmak bilim düşmanlarına kalıyor ya sonumuz hayır olsun…

örümceğin iplik salan memeciklerindeki iplikçik muslukları Copyright Dennis Kunkel Microscopy

Bari bu konuda yapılan çalışmaların listesini sunalım:(Kaynak)

• Self-assembly in the major ampullate gland of Nephila clavipes PDF. F.N. Braun and C. Viney. Herio-Watt Univ. (UK)
• Effect of Sublethal Doses of Pesticides on Orb Web Construction With pictures of the webs. Bill Tietjen. Bellarmine College Department of Biology (USA)
• The natural silk spinning process. A nucleation-dependent aggregation mechanism? Article. G. Li et al. Eur. J. Biochem
• Amyloidogenic nature of spider silk Article. J. M. Kenney. Eur. J. Biochem
• Wie konnte ein Seidentuch den Duellanten vor der Kugel schützen? About spider silk. ETHZ Hönggerberg (in German) (Switzerland)
• Silk Protein Project A large page with much info. Paul Yager Research Group. Bioengineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle (USA)
• Spiders in Space Information and pictures of the effect of micro-gravity on spider behaviour and web properties. Anne Helmenstine. Tusculum College in Greeneville, Tennessee (USA)
• Spider Spinning System Very interesting pages with a lot of info and pictures. Biomimetic Materials Research Group. Clemson University (USA)
• A small lesson in genome stuff How does Natasha, our golden silk spider (Nephila clavipes) know how to make spider silk? Does she just mix up a bunch of chemicals and out pops silk or does something inside her direct the building process? C. Frank Starmer. Medical Univ. of South Carolina (USA)
• Spider scientists spin tough yarn Ivan Noble. BBC News Online (UK)
• Silk fibre to help repair nervesUK researchers have shown how nerve cells can grow along bundles of a special fibre, which has properties similar to spider silk. BBC News Online (UK)
• Spinnen als een spin Spider silk. VPRO (in Dutch) (The Netherlands)
• In Experiment, Mammal Cells Produce Silk Like a Spider’s text from New York Times (USA)
• WISE NMR Characterization of nanoscale heterogeneity and mobility in supercontracted Nephila clavipes spider dragline silk PDF. G.P. Holland, R.V. Lewis & J.L. Yarger. University of Wyoming (USA)
• The Silk RoadUnderstanding spider silk could be the key to advances in materials and health sciences. Chemical & Engineering News, American Chemical Society (USA)
• Sun block from a spider? PDF. The Straits Times (Singapore)
• Gene cloned for stretchiest spider silk M. Jensen. ScienceNewsOnline (USA)
• Artificial spider silk Scientists vie to synthesize the precious strands of the golden orb weaver. Richard Lipkin. ScienceNewsOnline (USA)
• Production of silk-like proteins in plantsUnited States Patent Application. The invention provides methods for the production of silks and silk-like proteins (SLP’s) in green plants. Expression of SLP’s has been achieved in both seed and leaf tissue in green plants (USA)
• Acid hydrolysis of silk fibroins and determination of the enrichment of isotopically labeled amino acids using precolumn derivatization and HPLC-ESIMS PDF. S. Hess, J. van Beek & L.K. Pannell. Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (USA)
• Nephila clavipes dragline silk fibroin 1 DNA sequence etc. The ExPASy (Expert Protein Analysis System) proteomics server of the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) is dedicated to the analysis of protein sequences and structures as well as 2-D PAGE
• Nephila clavipes dragline silk fibroin 2DNA sequence etc. The ExPASy (Expert Protein Analysis System) proteomics server of the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) is dedicated to the analysis of protein sequences and structures as well as 2-D PAGE
• Nutritional requirements for web synthesis in the tetragnathid spider Nephila clavipes PDF. Article. L.E. Higgins & M.A. Rankin (USA)
• Variation in the chemical composition of orb webs built by the spider Nephila clavipes PDF. Article. L.E. Higgins, M.A. Townley, E.K. Tillinghast & M.A. Rankin (USA)
• Spider genes cloned cloned into Escherichia coli Clemson University (USA)
• Silk From Caterpillars & Spiders Info. Wanes-Word. Wayne. P. Armstrong (USA)
• MIT lab works to mimic spider silk Article. MIT (USA)
• Anita and Arabella’s Legacy to Tennis – Tennis on the Web, A Spider’s Web That Is! Anita and Arabella were a pair of spiders that flew on NASA’s Skylab, the first U.S. space station. Tennis Sport Science (USA)
• Spider silk suture Spider silk can be useful for stitching up wounds. DocTalk. Bryan Chan, MedWorld (USA)
• Spinnenfäden für Textilien About spidersilk. 3sat online (in German) (Germany)
• Knit yourself a bulletproof vest The use of spider silk. ABC Online News (Australia)
• Bioengineered Spider Silk Some info. Sean Henahan, Access Excellence (USA)
• Protein and amino acid composition of silks from the cob weaver Latrodectus hesperus (Black widow) PDF. AM.L. Casem, D. Turner & K. Houchin. Int. Journal of Biological Macromolecules
• Short and long range order of the morphology of silk from Latrodectus hesperus (Black widow) as characterized by atomic force microscopy PDF. S.A.C. Gould, K.T. Tran, J.C. Spagna, A.M.F. Moore & J.B. Shulman. Int. Journal of Biological Macromolecules
• The effects of solvents on the contraction and mechanical properties of spider silk PDF. Article. Z. Shao & F. Vollrath. Polymer (Croatia)
• Material properties of cobweb silk from the black widow spider Latrodectus hesperus PDF. A.M.F. Moore & K. Tran. Int. Journal of Biological Macromolecules
• Spider Silk Biotechnology Info. Biotech Journal
• New spin on spider silk About genetically modified goats to make spider silk. R. Sundaram. The Hindu Business Line (India)
• MIT lab works to mimic spider silk Text. BrightSurf.com
• Molecular and medical properties of major ampullate silk of the Black widow, Latrodectus hesperus PDF. B.A. Lawrence, C.A. Vierra & A.M.F. Moore. California State University (USA)
• GM spider silk spun by Canadian company Genetically modified goats could soon produce milk loaded with spider silk tough enough to be used as body armour yet fine enough for medical sutures. CBC News (Canada)
• Lucrative potential of biotech driving its growthThe launch of a new MBA program specializing in biotechnology marks a growing trend in the marketing of biological research. CBC News (Canada)
• Scientists unravel secrets of spider silkResearchers have solved the mystery of how spiders and silkworms spin their silk. They say the discovery could improve industrial silk-making. CBC News (Canada)
• Investigation of the nanofibrils of silk fibers PDF. S. Putthanarat, N. Stribeck, S.A. Fossey, R.K. Eby & W.W. Adams. Univ. Of Hamburg (Germany)
• Science in a spin over spider web – Artificial fiber stronger than silkIsraeli scientists have come up with a way to genetically engineer spiders’ webs without the help of the eight-legged creatures. CNN
• Drug-test spiders weave their way home The influence of drugs on the web building. Roger Highfield, The Electronic Telegraph (UK)
• Spider dragline silk PDF. Part of: Protein-based materials, toward a new level of structural control. J.C.M. van Hest & D.A. Tittell. Chemcomm
• Soon, spider-silk togs and mussel glue? Info. John K. Borchardt. The Christian Science Monitor
• Amyloidogenic nature of spider silk J.M. Kenney, D. Knight, M.J. Wise and F. Vollrath. Eur. J. Biochem.
• Microdiffraction of Spider Silk Image and short info. The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) (France)
• In situ Studies of Forced Silking of Nephila Senigalensis Spiders info and pictures. ESRF – The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (France)
• Phase contrast image of the spider fangX-ray diffraction data were collected on dragline fibres from two different spider species, Nephilia clavipes and Kuculeania hibernalis. ESRF – The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (France)
• Spidersilk – Spinnenseide Click on ‘Research Topics’. Fiberlab TUM (in German and English) (Germany)
• Canada : Nano route to spider silk Short article. World of Garment-Textile-Fashion (Canada)
• Fiber Engineers, Meet Thy MasterThe orb-weaving spider produces one of the world’s toughest fibers. Using recombinant DNA technology, DuPont scientists have created spider silk as a model for a new generation of materials. FloridaNature.org (USA)
• Biotechnologies – soie des araignées : la fibre la plus performante ! Info and pictures. Futura-sciences (in French) (France)
• Le fil d’araignée ou l’arme de la biotechnologie Info and pictures. Futura-sciences (in French) (France)
• Spider-web fabric It looks like silk, is as elastic as nylon and is thirty time stronger than Kevlar. Grado Zero Espace
• Tessuti dalla tela di ragno It looks like silk, is as elastic as nylon and is thirty time stronger than Kevlar. Grado Zero Espace (in Italian)
• Self-Assembly of Genetically Engineered Spider Silk Fiber in Insect Cells Fibers produced in insect cells are seen at right; spider and its web at left For the first time anywhere, scientists from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and from Germany have succeeded in producing self-assembled spider web fibers under laboratory conditions, outside of the bodies of spiders. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Israel)
• Emerging Technologies based on biological systems Spider silk. P.K. Sumodan. Resonance. Journal of science education. Indian Academy of Sciences (India)
• Molecular Spider Silk TechnologyWith a picture of Nephila clavipes. Dr. Klaus Weisshart et al. IMB Institute of Molecular Biotechnology e.V. Department of Molecular Cytology – Electron Microscopy (Germany)
• Studies of spider’s silk reveal unusual strength Article. Univ. of California (USA)
• MIT lab works to mimic spider silk Article. Innovations Report
• Tufts University bioengineers discover secret of spider, silkworm fiber strength Findings could drive new tissue engineering applications, organ repair and high-strength materials. Innovations Report
• New company learns from spider`s ability to spin Article. Innovations Report
• Scientists achieve self-assembly of genertically engineered spider silk fibre in insect cellsFor the first time anywhere, scientists from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and from Germany have succeeded in producing self-assembled spider web fibres under laboratory conditions, outside of the bodies of spiders. Innovations Report
• New Oxford University Company in a SpinA new spin-out from Oxford University, Spinox, is aiming to devise novel ways to copy spiders’ ability to spin silks. Univ. of Oxford (UK)
• Spider University: University of Wyoming leads world in spider silk research Article. Andi Balla, Boomerang Staff, University of Wyoming (USA)
• Gene Sequence for Super Spider Silk Discovered Scientists have uncovered the genetic sequence for one of the strongest silks that spiders produce, a discovery that could one day be used to make super spider-silk products for humans. Live Science
• The Real Spider-Man Uri Gat and his colleagues have produced spider web fibers in a lab — without spiders. Live Science
• Fractographic analysis of silkworm and spider silk PDF. P. Poza, J. Pérez-Rigueiro, M. Elices & J. LLorca. Engineering Fracture Mechanics
• Electrospinning of Spider Silk Carbon Nanotupes Composites Pdf. M. Gandhi & F. Ko. Drexel University (USA)
• Spinnen und die Wissenschaft Nephila and silk. MDR.DE Multimedia (in German) (Germany)
• Spider silk Using spider silk for optical fibers etc., Membrana (in Russian) (Russia)
• Unraveling the Weave of Spider SilkOne of nature’s wondrous chemical structures is being dissected so that it can be used in human inventions. Ricki Lewis. McGraw-Hill Higher Education (USA)
• Spider silks: recombinant synthesis, assembly, spinning, and engineering of synthetic proteins Article. Scheibel Thomas. Microbial Cell Factories
• Aspects of X-ray diffraction on single spider fibersPDF. C. Riekel, C. Bränden, C. Craig, C? Ferrero, F. Heidelbach & M. Müller. Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center. Karolinska Institutet (Sweden)
• Biomolecular self-assembling materialsWith a diagram of the proposed model for the molecular arrangement of alanine residues in a fiber of spider dragline silk. Scientific and Technological Frontiers. National Academy of Science (USA)
• Production of spider silk proteins in tobacco and potato J. Scheller et al. Nature Biotechnology
• Composites made from spider-man’s web silk? Article. Netcomposites
• Spider silk is model for super fibers Cornell Chronicle (USA)
• Spider silk delivers finest optical fibresDelicate threads of spider’s silk are about to solve a major problem in photonics: how to make hollow optical fibres narrow enough to carry light beams around the fastest nanoscale optical circuits. New Scientist
• Researchers at UCLA Create Better Materials By Emulating Spiders’ TechniquesResearchers at UCLA believe that the secret to creating stronger, better materials may be solved by studying an unlikely source: the common spider. Univ. of California (USA)
• Biologists Crack Genetic Code for Specialized Spider Silk Two biologists at the University of California, Riverside, have uncovered the molecular structure of the gene for the protein that female spiders use to make their silken egg cases. The discovery will help biotechnologists develop applications for spider silk and will shed light on spider evolution. Univ. of California (USA)
• Scientists Discover New Spider Silk GeneTwo University of Wyoming scientists have discovered a gene that produces the most highly elastic fiber from a spider’s silk (1998). Univ. of Wyoming (USA)
• NMR Characterization of native liquid spider dragline silk from Nephila edulis PDF. M. Hronska, J.D. van Beek, P.T.F. Williamson, F. Vollrath & B.H. Meier (Switzerland)
• Materials for a Small Planet A number of NSF-supported investigators are looking for more environmentally benign substitutes for chemically synthesized materials currently in use. Dragline silk from the orb-weaving spider Nephila clavipes is one of the most promising new biomolecular materials, thanks to the silk’s great strength and flexibility-greater even than the lightweight fiber used to reinforce bulletproof helmets. National Science Foundation (USA)
• Biomimetic Manufacturing of Fibers PDF. National Textile Center (USA)
• Biomimetic Manufacturing of Fibers: Materials Development PDF. National Textile Center (USA)
• Molecular nanosprings in spider capture-silk threads PDF. N. Becker et al. University of California (USA)
• Natural Polymers Silk and other. L.J. Mathias. The Polymer Science Learning Center (in Afrikaans)
• Spider silks: recombinant synthesis, assembly, spinning, and engineering of synthetic proteins Article. Thomas Scheibel. PubMed Central (USA)
• Spiders in space A team of RMIT University researchers are closely monitoring the progress of eight “Garden Orb Weaver” spiders from Australia as part of a project to see if spiders can spin webs in space and if so, whether the webs will be different from those spun on earth. RMIT University (Australia)
• Artificial spider silk Richard Lipkin. ScienceNewsOnline (USA)
• Gene cloned for stretchiest spider silk M. Jensen. ScienceNewsOnline (USA)
• Artificial spider silk Scientists vie to synthesize the precious strands of the golden orb weaver. Richard Lipkin. ScienceNewsOnline (USA)
• Spider Silk Wear Karen Lurie. ScienCentralNews
• Spinning A Tough But Silky Yarn About man-made silk. Space Daily (USA)
• Strong as silk Researchers in Canada have used polarized Raman microspectroscopy to determine quantitatively the orientation of the protein beta-sheets in silk monofilaments, for the first time. Their discovery will lead to a new approach to studying spider and silkworm silks with a view to producing synthetic materials that emulate their properties more closely. SpectroscopyNow
• Silkworms spinning spider silk In the research at NUS, the investigators are attempting to transfer two types of spider silk genes into silkworms: a spider-dragline-protein gene for making a stronger silk and a captured-spiral-silk-protein gene for producing highly elastic filaments (Singapore)
• Strength and structure of spiders’ silks PDF. F. Vollrath. Molecular Biotechnology
• ‘Spider-goats’ start work on wonder webA herd of goats containing spider genes is about to be milked for the ingredients of spider silk to mass-produce one of nature’s most sought-after materials. Telegraph (UK)
• Spider Silk: Stress-strain curves and young’s modulus M. Beals, L. Gross, S. Harrell. The Institute for Environmental Modeling (USA)
• Spider Silk – Structure, Properties and spinning Article. D. Saravanan. Journal of Textile and Apparel
• Science’s spidermen hope to get webbing power and more Newsarticle. John K. Borchardt, The Christian Science Monitor. USAToday (USA)
• SpidroinSpidroin, the major protein of spider dragline silk, is transform here to music. Transcriptions. The Music of Protein Sequences. M. A. Clark. Texas Wesleyan University (USA)
• Cow used in man-made spider web Article. Charles Mandel. Wired News (Canada)
• Kartoffeln können Spinnenweben machen Mit gentechnischen Tricks gewinnen Forscher Spinneneiweiß aus Ziegenmilch und Pflanzen. wissenschaftwissen (in German) (Germany)
• Biomaterials Home Page With a section about spider silk. Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia (Canada)
• Analysis of spider silk in native and supercontracted states using Raman spectroscopy PDF. Article. Z. Shao, F. Vollrath, J. Sirichaisit & R.J. Young. University of Manchester (UK)
• A Spider silk supportive matrix used for cartilage regeneration Short info. K. Gellynck. University of Ghent (Belgium)
• Spider Silk-based Scaffolds for Cartilage Repair Article. K. Gellynck et al.. University of Ghent (Belgium)
• Research and development of spider silk for biomedical applications PDF. Article. Van Nimmen et al. University of Ghent (Belgium)
• Las arañas usan carroña para atraer y engañar a los insectos que cazan About the use of the web by spiders (in Spanish) (Argentina)
• Spiderweb A very good picture of a spiderweb from a linyphid spider. Hans van Reenen (The Netherlands)
• When spiders sail Gossamer adorning yards has a simple explanation. Insects in the City. Texas A&M University (USA)
• Spiders Weave in 3-D for ProtectionFlat, two-dimensional spider webs commonly are seen in gardens, but many spiders weave three-dimensional webs that serve as both offensive and defensive structures, according to a recent study. Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News
• Spider webs and windows as potentially important sources of hummingbird mortality PDF. Article. D.L. Graham. Univ. of Miami (USA)
• Spinnen Information about spiders and silk (in Dutch) (The Netherlands)
• Deadly silkSpinning complex webs of incredible strength, the versatile spider makes things sticky for unsuspecting prey. Richard Conniff. National Geographic
• Evidence for Diet Effects on the Composition of Silk Proteins Produced by Spiders Article. Catherine L. Craig et al. Molecular Biology and Evolution
• Snovací aparát pavouku celedi PholcidaeHolocnemus pluchei and Crossopriza sp. spiders can spin either nonspotted or spotted domed sheet webs. J. Hajer. Univerzita Jana Evangelisty Purkyne (in Czech) (Czech Republic)
• The web structure of spider Crossopriza sp.Holocnemus pluchei and Crossopriza sp. spiders can spin either nonspotted or spotted domed sheet webs. J. Hajer. Univerzita Jana Evangelisty Purkyne (Czech Republic)
• Oldest spider silk found The oldest known strand of spider silk has been found, preserved in Lebanese amber. BBC News Online (UK)
• Early web-spinner found in amberTrue orb weaving spiders found trapped in amber from 121-115 million years ago are the oldest of their type yet found. BBC News Online (UK)
• Leap forward for ‘flying’ spidersScientists have shed new light on how spiders can travel epic distances by dangling on strands of floating silk. BBC News Online (UK)
• Sticky feet help tarantulas climbScientists have shown how spiders made to scale vertical glass surfaces will secrete a fibrous glue to anchor themselves down and prevent a fall.. BBC News Online (UK)
• Spiders Use “3-D” Webs As Shields From Wasp Attacks Article. John Pickrell, National Geographic News
• Dinosaur-Era Spiderweb Found in Amber Info. John Pickrell, National Geographic News
• Untangling Spiders’ Evolutionary Web Article. Bijal P. Trivedi, National Geographic News
• ‘New’ Spider Species Weaves Uncommonly Regular Webs Until now there were just four known instances of spiders evolving the ability to measure and create symmetrical webs: The fifth was discovered in Peru in May 2004 by Jonathan Coddington, prompting questions as to how and why some spiders develop the skill. National Geographic News (USA)
• Oeroud spinrag Ancient spider silk. VPRO (in Dutch) (The Netherlands)
• Teia de aranha pode ser usada para produzir fio de sutura Spider silk (in Portuguese) (Brazil)
• Leben am seidenen Faden Die drei wichtigsten Spinnennetztypen. NABU (in German) (Germany)
• Spider silk Info and pictures (in Russian) (Russia)
• Los hilados más antiguos del mundo Information and pictures. Anita Hoffmann. Instituto Latinoamericano de la Comunicacion Educativa (in Spanish) (Mexico)
• El arte de cazar Information and pictures. Anita Hoffmann. Instituto Latinoamericano de la Comunicacion Educativa (in Spanish) (Mexico)
• De la vista nace el amor Information and pictures. Anita Hoffmann. Instituto Latinoamericano de la Comunicacion Educativa (in Spanish) (Mexico)
• Nephila Clavipes Spider – a guide to feeding, silking and handling in the laboratory Very good website! Mike Ellison, Dr. Jackie Palmer, Janci Despain. Clemson University (USA)
• Gouttes… & toiles d’araignées Beautiful web pictures. Sylvain Rondi (in French) (France)
• Kozy dojící pavuciny Spider silk. Jita Splítková (in Czech) (Czech Republic)
• Spiders A lot of info and pictures (in Russian) (Russia)
• Hawaiian caterpillars hunt like spidersWhile caterpillars of all kinds spin silk to make cocoons, this is the first time one has been seen to use it as spiders do to capture prey. Reuters
• Caught in the web Information and pictures of silk. David Tenenbaum. University of Wisconsin (USA)
• Walking on water Why some spiders can walk on water. David Tenenbaum (USA)
• Wind hilft beim Netzbau About building a web. 3sat online (in German) (Germany)
• Cannibal Spiders About spider silk. ABC Online News (Australia)
• Spider Web Aerodynamics About the orb web. Karl S. Kruszelnicki. ABC Online News (Australia)
• Silk – the spider’s success story A lot of very good info and pictures. Australian Museum Online (Australia)
• 1898 Spider Web Factory Use of spider silk in 1898. Virtuellen Museum der Wissenchaft (Germany)
• Spider silk Info and pictures. Backyard Nature
• Spiders Inspire Printing of Tiny 3D StructuresA process inspired by the way spiders spin webs has been used to print tiny three-dimensional structures that can be used for such applications as drug delivery and tissue engineering. Gabe Romain. Betterhumans
• An Airbus Could Tiptoe On Spider Silk About the properties of silk. Vivienne Baillie Gerritsen. Bio.com
• Woekerende webben van miljoenen spinnen Het Brabants Dagblad (in Dutch) (The Netherlands)
• Floating White Ropy Strands Cause Stir- Probably from Woolly Aphids but There Are Other Floaters Now, Too About ballooning etc. Laura Skillman &Lee Townsend. Univ. of Kentucky (USA)
• Spiders weave huge natural wonder in B.C.A biology professor in northern British Columbia has spotted a clover field crawling with spiders. Brian Thair of the College of New Caledonia in Prince George said he saw a silky, white web stretching 60 acres across a field. CBC News (Canada)
• A spider that walked on land about 55 million years before the dinosaurs may have been able to spin a web Aphantomartus pustulatus. CBC News (Canada)
• Spider web constructionThe web on the picture is not an image of the actual web, but a vector trace generated by plotting the coordinates recorded by DeltaVideo, as the spider built the spirals. Delta Video. Channel D Software (USA)
• Spinning lessonsThey may have eight hairy legs, a very small brain and a big image problem, but there is at least one thing that spiders can do much better than we can. Michael Gross. Chembytes e-zine
• Spider Silk and VenomA lot of info and pictures. Silk: Properties, Uses and Production, Chemical Structure, Applications. Spider Venom: General Info, Chemistry of Spider Venom, Applications. Vivienne Li. School of Chemistry, University of Bristol (UK)
• Radius construction and structure in the orb-web of Zilla diodia (Araneidae) PDF. Article. Samuel Zschokke (Switzerland)
• Sam’s Spider Web Construction GalleryMany pictures of spider webs and images that show the tracks of spiders during web construction. Samuel Zschokke, Environmental Biology Research Group, University of Basel (Switzerland)
• Web construction in Araneus diadematusThis page depicts the outline of an exemplary orb-web construction of Araneus diadematus (the European Garden spider) in the laboratory. With Quicktime movie. Samuel Zschokke, Environmental Biology Research Group, University of Basel (Switzerland)
• Dentelles et toile d’araignée Pictures of spider webs. École Fernand-Seguin (Canada)
• In Harmony with Neighboring Insects and SpidersWhy do spiders have come to make webs? Common Spiders in Japan. Photographs of Spiders’ Webs – Networks of silk. Bolas spiders in Japan. Pictures of several spiders. Mikio Sekine (In English and Japanese) (Japan)
• Oldest spider silk found Article, Daily Times (Pakistan)
• Spider silk a little information. Torben Lenau (Denmark)
• Tela de arañas podría usarse para suturas quirúrgicasSpiderwebs can serve by their antimicrobial conditions and resistance to elaborate thread for sutures. Diario El Zonda (in Spanish) (Mexico)
• Les araignées , mygales, tarentules, toile d’araignée, labyrinthe Info and pictures. e-reve (in French) (France)
• Spiders and Man A lot of info. G. Ramel, Earthlife.net
• The wonders of spider silk A lot of info and a table with the spider silk glands. G. Ramel, Earthlife.net
• Careful Footwork Why a spider don’t get caught in it’s own web? The Electronic Naturalist
• Arachnids and Silk Production Short text. Iowa State Univ. of Science and Technology. (USA)
• Spider silk Info. Fact-index.com
• El lado amable de las arañas Spider silk (in Spanish) (Chile)
• L’univers fascinant des toiles d’araignées Pictures of spider webs. Germinal Gayola
• Silken Threads Of Deceit About spider silk. Clifford Carnicom
• Weaving – the dreams, mythology and the reality Dee Finney. GreatDreams.com (USA)
• La asombrosa telarana & El registro fossil de los Arácnidos PDF. About spider silk and fossils of arachnids. Geoscience Research Institute (in Spanish) (USA)
• A diabolical trap Text about silk and webs. The Hindu (India)
• Overseas cases where analyses found falls to be due to spiders’ webs Gossamer. The Australian UFO Research Network (Australia)
• Araignées: traces de soie PDF. Article with some pictures. Vincent Albouy. Insectes (in French) (France)
• Insectlorepedia – Spiders Basic info about spiders and webs. Insect Lore
• Spider Silks Info. Ibrahim B. Syed. Islamic Research Foundation International (USA)
• Magnetic Spider Silk Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German) (Germany)
• Why a Garden spider does not get stuck in its own web Microscopy UK. Ben Prins (The Netherlands)
• The Spiders Web Part II Large article about silk and webs. Bill Amos. Microscopy UK (UK)
• ‘Ribbon-threads’ in the webs of brown spiders – (Loxosceles spp.) Eduardo Ramires, Brazil. Microscopy UK (UK)
• The Spiders Web Part I Large article about silk and webs. Bill Amos. Microscopy UK (UK)
• Scientists trace the roots of spider webs Amber preserves silk and prey from 136 million years ago. MSNBC
• Spiders and their Webs Info. Stan Tekiela. NatureSmart
• The Webmasters Initially attracted to spider webs by their translucent shimmer, Craig, a research associate at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, has been caught up in nine years of researching the evolution of spider silk. Cassie Ferguson. Harvard University Gazette (USA)
• Spider webs An article. Forest Preserve District of Cook County (USA)
• Spider vs. Fly: Specialized Deception, Attack and Defense Rule the Conflict Info and pictures. National Science Foundation (USA)
• Spiders – On Gossamer Wings Young spiders break their ties with home by flying away on wings they build themselves. Our Window to Nature (USA)
• How does a spider web work? Info. Science Theatre (USA)
• Spiders and Webs Web pictures. Sunset Lady J B (Canada)
• Fun Facts About Spiders Basic Spider Facts and Information. PestWorld
• Spider webs A large number of pictures of spiderwebs. Wernher Krutein (USA)
• Spiders’ unspun silk flows easier the faster it is shearedOxford researchers have discovered that spiders and silkworms spin their fibres using methods that are not all that different from commercial spinning. Physorg.com
• Die Spinn-Kunst der Spinne Information and pictures. Angela Bode (in German) (Germany)
• Australian spiders set to train with astronauts for space shuttle mission RMIT University (Australia)
• Art of spider webs Will Knight frames spider webs as displays and art. The Clubhouse Travelogue (USA)
• How Parachute Spiders Invade New TerritoryResearchers have developed a new model that explains how spiders are able to ‘fly’ or ‘parachute’ into new territory on single strands of silk – sometimes covering distances of hundreds of miles over open ocean. Science Daily
• Tobacco Smoke and Spiders The Impact of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke on Orb Weaving Spiders. Sarah Gerin. ScienceNewsForKids (USA)
• Along came a spider Why tinker with nature when you can copy it? About spider silk. Janine M. Benyus. Sierra Club (USA)
• Webs of intrigue – Thread of many uses: Spider silk Pictures and info. Wild by Nature (USA)
• They, too, are web designers! Info about webs and picture. Nutan Shukla. Spectrum. The Tribune
• Spider webs A little info. Rudy Scheibner. University of Kentucky Department of Entomology (USA)
• Importance of Spiders & Spider Silk Info and pictures. Michael L. Draney. Cofrin Center for Biodiversity, Univ. of Wisconsin (USA)
• Aerial plankton in Lighthouse Park About ballooning. D. Cook (Canada)
• Why don’t spiders stick to their own webs? Info. DrUniverse. Washington State University (USA)
• Spider Silk Information and SEM pictures. Ed Nieuwenhuys (The Netherlands)
• Why a spider hanging from a thread does not rotateHow can one explain the fact that a spider suspended by a thread remains completely motionless, instead of rotating like a climber does at the end of a rope? Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France)
• The use of social Stegodyphus spider retreats as nest-lining by pale chanting-goshawks (Melierax canorus): is it about preference? PDF. Birds using spider silk. T. E. Crouch & G. Malan Article African Zoology (South Africa)

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